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61 pages 2 hours read

Alejo Carpentier

The Lost Steps

Alejo CarpentierFiction | Novel | Adult | Published in 1953

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Chapter 6Chapter Summaries & Analyses

Chapter 6, Entry 34 Summary: “July 18”

The narrator learns that his pregnant wife Ruth instigated a large-scale rescue operation, casting him as a modern-day explorer in distress. This public spectacle, fueled by the media, places him at the center.

He learns that Ruth was distraught at his disappearance and decided abruptly to leave the theatre and join him in the wilderness. Her intense reaction causes him guilt and raises the stakes of his dilemma. Accepting a financial offer from the newspaper for an exclusive, albeit fabricated, account of his “ordeal,” the narrator plans to use this narrative to negotiate his return to solitude and to assuage his guilt about divorcing Ruth. When the narrator arrives, Ruth portrays herself with theatrical dignity, but her act is disrupted by a newspaper article featuring Mouche, which hints that she is the narrator’s lover.

Ruth reacts to the betrayal with fury, forcing the narrator to confess his infidelities and his wish for a divorce. He blames the end of their marriage on her career as well as his encounter and connection with Rosario in the jungle. To twist the knife, he describes Rosario in mystical terms, bewildering Ruth further.

Ruth, oscillating between charged outbursts and a cold legalistic stance, threatens to make their separation as difficult as possible. When asked about her pregnancy, Ruth withdraws in distress, leaving the narrator to step out into the street, overwhelmed.

Chapter 6, Entry 35 Summary: “Later”

The narrator walks through the city and observes the mechanical pace of modern life. He feels disconnected from the rituals and architecture of the city and recognizes that traditions and symbols have lost their significance. He also ponders the superficial attempts of Western culture to rejuvenate itself by appropriating primitive art, and he feels that true understanding and innovation in art has eluded his generation.

Back in the city, he gains a new perspective on his time in the jungle. He sees it as the place where he learned about the essence of his art and the importance of forging his own path, rejected the fear-driven, styleless world around him and the yearning for authenticity and potential utopias.

Chapter 6, Entry 36 Summary: “October 20”

Three months after the narrator’s manuscript about his jungle experiences was rejected, he struggles with fear and financial instability. The news of his divorce caused a scandal, forcing him to sell his story cheaply to a minor magazine. Ruth’s pregnancy turned out to be a false alarm: Dressed in black as if mourning the end of her marriage, she drew public sympathy, complicating the divorce and casting the narrator as a villain.

Let go from his former job, the narrator has downgraded his living accommodations. Desperate for income, he accepts low-paying orchestration work, feeling trapped by the city. His life teeters on poverty, and he spends days reading or wandering in Central Park, seeking comfort in memories of Rosario and signs of hope.

Haunted by dreams reminiscent of Piranesi’s Invenzioni di Carcere, the narrator feels imprisoned by his circumstances. Consulting a book on dream interpretation, he finds varied meanings for prison dreams.

Mouche appears in the bookstore and, despite his reluctance, the narrator ends up spending the evening with her. Despite his firm resolve to resist her seduction, he finds himself unable to refuse her, leading to a night of regrettable intimacy that leaves him feeling empty and disdainful.

Distraught, the narrator discovers a religious journal in Mouche’s room, which contains an article about Fray Pedro de Henestrosa, detailing his mission to a dangerous area and his subsequent brutal murder by the Indigenous people there. This deeply affects the narrator, prompting him to leave Mouche’s house for good. He spends the rest of the night and early morning walking aimlessly, reflecting on Fray Pedro’s gruesome death, recognizing in it a form of ultimate defiance and victory over death itself.

Chapter 6, Entry 37 Summary: “December 8”

The narrator returns to Rosario’s family’s house in Puerto Anunciacion, which has now been transformed into an inn by its new owners, Don Melisio and his wife. He learns that Rosario’s family has moved away, and Don Melisio shares rumors that the Adelantado has founded three more settlements. As the narrator shares brandy with the locals, he confirms Fray Pedro’s death.

Intent on returning to Santa Monica de los Venados, the narrator arranges with a young guide named Simon to travel upstream, planning to continue alone to the village discreetly. His yearning for freedom, the simple joys of nature, and his reunion with Rosario dominate his thoughts as he prepares to reclaim his time and life away from the constraints and fears of the urban world he left behind.

Chapter 6, Entry 38 Summary: “December 9”

Upon returning to the Greeks’ abandoned mine area, the narrator finds the hut where he and Rosario first had sex, now overrun and destroyed by the jungle. The narrator and Simon search for a sign marking the entrance to a navigable channel, but rising river levels, unusual for the season, have submerged it. Access to the village will be impossible until the waters recede, which won’t be until April or May at the earliest.

Chapter 6, Entry 39 Summary: “December 30”

The narrator is preoccupied with finding a way to Santa Monica de los Venados, waiting for the guide or the Adelantado to show up in Puerto Anunciacion. To pass the time, he walks to the rapids and observes the howling of the local dogs, speculating on the musical aspects of animal noises.

Yannes, the Greek, unexpectedly reunites with the narrator, surprising him with a rough greeting. They go to the narrator’s lodging, where Yannes is consumed by the discovery of a potential diamond mine, influenced by tales of El Dorado and a recently found 100-carat gem. He plans to file a claim in the capital, fearing someone else might discover his find. The narrator, uninterested in the diamonds, is desperate for Yannes to guide him back to Santa Monica de los Venados. Still, Yannes insists on leaving the next day on the Manati. Yannes accidentally reveals that he visited Santa Monica after their last trip, and he refers to Rosario as Marcos’s wife, shocking the narrator with news of her pregnancy.

Feeling betrayed and lost, the narrator reflects on the futility of his return, realizing he was only a visitor in the eyes of the locals. Yannes offers him a passage on the Manati, forcing the narrator to accept his inevitable return to the modern world.

The book ends with the narrator overhearing that the river’s water level has fallen, exposing the markers and the entrance to Santa Monica de los Venados.

Chapter 6 Analysis

The narrator’s grip on his self-crafted illusions begins to weaken, yet he desperately tries to maintain control by assigning blame elsewhere—for his divorce from Ruth and for the chaos in his life on Mouche’s interaction with the press. Moments of self-awareness surface, notably when he associates Ruth with Penelope, recognizing his own narrative construction: “She was Penelope listening to Ulysses speak of the conjugal couch” (242). However, this moment of clarity is short-lived. His anger toward Mouche for revealing their affair to the newspaper, juxtaposed with his own fabrications, underscores a brief recognition of his hypocrisy: “What I would sell was a tall story” (239). This highlights his struggle between maintaining his delusions and confronting the reality of his actions and their consequences.

The narrator’s evolving insights into the nature of art reflect his growing self-awareness. He observes the folly in dismissing ancient art or cultures as primitive, and his contact with Indigenous art forms renews his appreciation of modern art. He reflects on the irony of Western composers adopting Indigenous rhythms and musical forms while they simultaneously describe those forms in condescending terms: “By labelling such things ‘barbarous’ the labellers were putting themselves in the thinking, the Cartesian, Position, the very opposite of the aim they were pursuing” (251). This commentary questions the appropriation and reinterpretation of cultural elements but also hints at the loss and transformation of meaning in the process of artistic evolution.

In his dream, the narrator is surrounded by cathedral-like walls, showing he’s trapped by his own mind, indicating he’s holding himself back. The image of bodies on racks between pillars shows his inner conflict and the personal costs of chasing his truths, with the pillars representing his core beliefs or pressures. The dream’s architecture and the sound of a galloping horse in dark vaults depict his repetitive self-examination and his struggles with desires and thoughts. This setting, like the “Imaginary Prison” etchings of Italian artist Giovanni Battista Piranesi, captures his struggle with deep questions and his search for meaning within his thoughts and feelings.

This introspective turn is further explored when he seeks to interpret his dream, shifting from a purely rational to a more reflective stance: “Prison. Egypt: a strengthened situation. [...] Psychoanalysis: linked to circumstances, objects, and persons from whom one must free oneself” (256). Looking into the meaning of his dream indicates a major shift toward recognizing his own complexities. It represents his willingness to face and work through his inner struggles, an important step in dealing with his internal conflicts, altering his idea of The Quest for Authenticity.

The narrator’s self-awareness peaks in the final chapter, triggered by his discovery of Rosario’s marriage and pregnancy. This revelation dismantles his sense of control and the fantasy of his quest. Yannes’s comment about Penelope and The Odyssey seems to mock the narrator’s earlier romanticized ideas, saying, “She no Penelope. Nature of woman here needs man...” (272). The ending remains open, leaving it ambiguous whether the narrator accepts this new self-awareness or retreats into his illusions, especially after learning that the path to Santa Monica is now clear.

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